31 BC

Millennium:	1st millennium BC
Centuries:	2nd century BC – 1st century BC – 1st century
Decades:	60s BC 50s BC 40s BC – 30s BC – 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC
Years:	34 BC 33 BC 32 BC – 31 BC – 30 BC 29 BC 28 BC

31 BC by topic
Politics
State leaders – Sovereign states
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments

**31 BC in other calendars**
Gregorian calendar	31 BC
Ab urbe condita	723
Armenian calendar	N/A
Bahá'í calendar	-1874 – -1873
Bengali calendar	-623
Berber calendar	920
Buddhist calendar	514
Burmese calendar	-668
Byzantine calendar	5478 – 5479
Chinese calendar	己丑年 (2606/2666) — to — 庚寅年 (2607/2667)
Coptic calendar	-314 – -313
Ethiopian calendar	-38 – -37
Hebrew calendar	3730 – 3731
Hindu calendars
- Bikram Samwat	26 – 27
- Shaka Samvat	N/A
- Kali Yuga	3071 – 3072
Holocene calendar	9970
Iranian calendar	652 BP – 651 BP
Islamic calendar	672 BH – 671 BH
Japanese calendar
Korean calendar	2303
Thai solar calendar	513

Year 31 BC was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Antony and Octavian (or, less frequently, year 723 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 31 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

By place

Rome

Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the third time. His partner is Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, replacing Mark Antony
Octavian crosses the Strait of Otranto and lands with a army (15 legions) at Panormus in Dalmatia. He marched to Toryne in the south, and established a bridgehead at the Gulf of Ambracia.
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa sailed with 300 war galleys to the western Peloponnese, and occupied strategic positions around the Gulf of Corinth to cut off Antony's line of communication.
Antony alerted by Octavian's presence, sets up camp on the southern shore, at the promontory of Actium. He dispatches a force to isolate the camp of Octavian in the valley of Louros.
Agrippa stormed Leucas, given Octavian a anchorage and a second depot for his land supplies. He seized the garrison at Patrae, and taking Antony's headquarters.
Amyntas, king of Galatia, deserted with 2,000 cavalry to Octavian. One-third of Antony's oarsmen is lost to malnutrition, disease and desertion.
September 2—Roman Civil War: Battle of Actium—Off the western coast of Greece, Octavian Caesar defeats the naval forces under Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII.
The Egyptian fleet (60 warships), including Cleopatra's treasure ship retreats to Taenarus, Antony transferred his flag to a smaller vessel and breaks through Octavian's line.
Winter—Octavian (thirty-two years old) takes court at Samos. After his decisive victory at Actium he builts Nicopolis, the city is populated by Greeks from settlements further inland.

Palestine

In the Judean Desert on an isolated rock plateau, fortress Masada is completed. Herod the Great builts an armory, barracks, storehouses and a palace.

By topic

Art

Hellenistic period ends (or 14 AD by some scholars).